Signs of a Functional Alcoholic

Signs of a Functional Alcoholic Addiction Alcohol Use Print Signs of a Functional Alcoholic By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 02, 2020 Thinkstock / Stockbyte / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Many people think of alcoholics as disheveled, homeless winos who have lost everything, but there are people who meet the criteria for a medical diagnosis for alcohol dependence who are highly functional in society and still have their jobs, homes, and families. This type of drinker is known as a functional alcoholic. They rarely miss work and other obligations because of their drinking, although it does happen occasionally, and they usually excel at their jobs and careers. Typically, they are clever and witty individuals who are successful in many areas of their lives. To all but those who are closest to them, they give the outward appearance of being perfectly normal. Denial Is a Big Problem One of the main reasons that alcoholics seek help for their drinking problems is the eventual negative consequences of their alcohol consumption. When the pain or embarrassment gets bad enough, they can no longer deny that their drinking needs to be addressed. For the functional alcoholic, the denial runs deep, because they have yet to encounter outward negative consequences. They go to work every day. They havent suffered financially. They have never been arrested. They dont have a problem. But There Really Is a Problem The functional alcoholic consumes as much alcohol as any full-blown alcoholic, they just dont exhibit the outward symptoms of intoxication. This is because they have developed a tolerance for alcohol to the point that it takes more for them to feel the effects (including hangovers). Consequently, they must drink increasingly larger amounts to get the same buzz they want. This slow build-up of alcohol tolerance means the functional alcoholic is drinking at dangerous levels that can result in alcohol-related organ damage, cognitive impairment, and alcohol dependence.?? Chronic heavy drinkers can display a functional tolerance to the point they show few obvious signs of intoxication even at high blood alcohol concentrations, which in others would be incapacitating. Are You a Functional Alcoholic? Could it be that you are an alcoholic even though you continue to function well in society? Could your drinking have slowly increased to the point that you have become alcohol dependent without even knowing it? You should take the alcoholism screening quiz. Below is a profile of typical functional alcoholic behavior. See if any of these actions seem familiar. This profile is a female, but the same behaviors are typical for males, of course. Its also important to note that functional alcoholic is not a formal medical term or diagnosis. She Drinks Like She Did in College:  When she was in college, she was the first to arrive and the last to leave the party. She could drink everyone else under the table. Most of her friends graduated, grew up and stopped partying. Now in her mid-30s, she still drinks like a freshman away from home the first time.She Can Hold Her Liquor:  She can drink as much or more than anyone, but rarely appears intoxicated. She seldom staggers or slurs her speech. She is more than likely a happy drunk, rarely getting unpleasant or belligerent when drinking.First One at the Bar:  Shes highly functional at work, but as soon as the work day is over, shes the first one at the bar or she makes a drink as soon as she walks into her home to unwind. She probably drinks the first two or three drinks very quickly. If for some reason she has to unexpectedly stay late at work, she can become agitated or irritable.Drinking Is a Big Part of Her Life: She talks about drinking a lot and she is often the driving force behind office parties and drinking gatherings after work. She brags about her drinking bouts on her blog and most of the pictures in her photo albums were taken in barrooms. She tends to avoid events where no alcohol is available. She buys the economy sizes and always makes sure there is enough alcohol available.Jokes About Her Drinking: She laughs about her alcohol consumption and drinking episodes with jokes like, Im a drunk, alcoholics go to meetings. The humor is an attempt to validate that her drinking is a choice. After all, real alcoholics deny they have a problem, right? If confronted about the amount she drinks, however, she may get defensive, angry or belligerent.Friends Ignore the Symptoms:  Because she is generally well-liked and fun-loving, or perhaps because shes in a position of authority, those around her also laugh off her drunken escapades. But secretly, they know she has a problem. They talk behind her back. But rarely is she confronted directly about her dr inking.She Begins to See the Effects:  Although she continues to be functional, it begins to get more difficult to do. She begins to notice withdrawal symptoms when shes not drinking, such as the shakes or nervousness. Shes having more frequent memory blanks. She needs more makeup to cover her flushed face, grayish pallor or dark circles. Her drinking antics are becoming more extreme, dangerous or embarrassing. A Dangerous Stage of the Disease Unfortunately, even when functional alcoholics begin to recognize that they have a drinking problem, they still resist reaching out for help. By the time they admit the problem, their withdrawal symptomsâ€"which can begin within a few hours after their last drinkâ€"can become more and more severe. They may try to quit on their own, but the withdrawals are too unpleasant or severe. Therefore, they continue to drink to keep the withdrawals at bay and the cycle continues. Usually, it is only when their continued drinking becomes more painful than the prospect of going through the pain of alcohol withdrawal, will they finally reach out for help. But it doesnt have to be that way. Medical detoxification provides medication, vitamins, and diet to help ease the withdrawal process. Help is available.

Lord Of The Flies Reflection Essay - 1793 Words

Lord of the Flies deals with plenty of ideas and lessons which amaze us. This state the human conditions, end of civilization, darkness of human mind, violence, destruction of human civilization and end of positive values among children. Through the British boys William Golding discussed the failed human culture created by man. They depended on bad rules and barbarism which lead them towards destruction. It signifies that in childhood any bad experience can directly change the mind and action of children. The book reveals that everyone has an inner evil nature that urges him to commit horrible crime except those who ha see the truth of evil. Golding used violent hunters to show the native black with their painted faces to rule savagery and†¦show more content†¦as like as not they would find savages who were kind and uncomplicated and that the evil would rise out of intellectual complications of the three white men on island.† Freud discussed a vast region of mind. Gold ing also says that one’s mind is also selective and he may consciously remember things and can forgot things. Like when Percival was brought to declare his experience in front of assembly Ralph remember another small boy who had mulberry colored birthmark and stood like this and not had been again. â€Å"He saw the reflection of that boy in him. He had pushed the thought down and out of sight where some positive reminder like this could bring it to surface†. In the novel he depicts the quality of goodness to evil through different characters. Jack who is embodiment of evil hasted to kill the pig in his first attempt because he was he was unwilling to face bloodshed but after killing pig he became killer. Piggy who was considered an intelligent boy after explaining the death of Simon in shree accident became deceptive. Roger failed to satisfy his sadistic pleasure by throwing stones at Henry for the civilized life in which he grew up and trained still clung to him. â €Å"Roger stood , picked up a stone ,aimed and threw it at Henry , threw it to miss,. The stone, the token of preposterous time, bounced five yard to Henry’s right and began to throw them. Yet there was a space around him, perhaps six yard around in diameterShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies Reflection Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel Lord Of the Flies by William Golding, reveals how the mind can be corrupted and how your action can change just by being on an island with no adults other than kids the same age as you are younger. Goulding wanted to make a point that if you live in a society where there is no rules and no adults you will change from being innocent to becoming full on savagery. He managed to prove his point by showing how one character from the book went from being civilized to savagery. The novelRead MoreLord Of The Flies Reflection Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, is a classic novel that begins with a group of schoolboys being stranded on a desert island after a plane crash. Upon their arrival, they learn there are no adults with them, and so their journey begins. Throughout the book, the boys attempt to establish a government, but eventually fall flat when the boys savage behavior escalates. In the beginning, being on the island seemed like all fun and games, however, as time progressed the boys came to realizeRead MoreLord Of The Flies Reflection Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Carson Musser Lord of the Flies During the second World War, a plane crashes on an uncharted island, leaving a group of schoolboys stranded with no Adult in sight. The first few days life is perfect on the island, plentiful amounts of fruit, no grown-up to tell you what to do, they even elect a chief, Ralph, who sets rules and creates order. When a ship passes the island without noticing the boys, because no one was feeding the fire, everything starts going downhill. After, a meeting is calledRead MoreLord Of The Flies And The Deathly Hallows1554 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality goes through a transformation. The characters of the Novels Lord of the Flies, Fifth Business, and the Deathly Hallows the characters go through transformations based on the decisions they make, the interactions they have with the other characters of the novel and, thinking of major events that have happened in their life. Overall, characters go through transformations based on their actions, relationships, and reflection. In life, people act differently in key events of their lives. TheRead MoreWalking And Biking : Reading Skills Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdoing these reflection projects, so my quantity of reading fell further to just five books every three months. However, the final nail in the coffin of my reading came in eighth grade. On the first day of school, the teacher informed us that we were only allowed to read nonfiction books for our unnecessarily complicated reading logs. Up until the point, I had rarely so much as laid hands on a nonfiction book. I stopped reading nearly outright. Because we had to do extensive reflection and analysisRead MoreWalking And Biking By Eric Carle1192 Words   |  5 Pagesdoing these reflection projects, so my quantity of reading fell further to just five books every three months. However, the final nail in the coffin of my reading came in eighth grade. On the first day of school, the teacher informed us that we were only allowed to read nonfiction book s for our unnecessarily complicated reading logs. Up until the point, I had rarely so much as laid hands on a nonfiction book. I stopped reading nearly outright. Because we had to do a large amount of reflection and analysisRead MoreThe realm of arts in itself can be perceived as a paradoxical and subjective one, causing struggle1400 Words   |  6 Pages– 333). Yet in the eyes of an artist, Picasso states that the purpose of art is â€Å"a lie that brings closer the truth†. To evaluate this claim, further exploration of what a ‘lie’ or ‘truth’ implies within and beyond the arts realm is required. The essay will specifically and mainly examine literature as an art form, with references to the Natural Sciences and History. The first knowledge issue concerns with the validity of art as a form of lying. What is meant by a ‘lie’ in the context of art/literatureRead MoreTwilight Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pagessuch is strigoi (for the Romanian territory), Apotamkin, etc. But no matter the name, vampires will always refer to gothic creatures that drain the blood of humans, thus being monstrous. The first writer to introduce the vampire in literature was Lord Byron in the eighteenth century, but the most significant writer to develop the myth was Bram Stoker. He is the „father† of the vampire as he gave a complete description of the vampire in his most famous book† Dracula†. After the release of the bookRead MoreRalph, Jack, Piggy -Lord of the Flies1560 Words   |  7 PagesRalph, Jack and Piggy, the three main characters in the Lord of the flies encounter with each of their different personalities. Despite their similar ages, they take distinct reaction towards their situation because of their different growing environment. In this isolated and uncivilized island especially with no grown-ups, the development of their characteristics varies in different directions. When the events burst out one by one in chapter one to three, we can discover the contrast between RalphRead MoreJealousy and Race in Othello 1430 Words   |  6 PagesOthello (titular ch aracter protagonist), Iago and Cassio are ‘men of action’ and additionally, throughout the play we are able to observe men and women combating none other than life itself. The play deals with various themes and issues, however, this essay will focus on jealousy and race. Othello is considered one of the infamous (if not the most) literary works focusing on jealousy and the consequences it brings about. Various characters besides Othello fall victim to jealousy in the play and subject

Arrow Of God And Smoke Signals - 1042 Words

Arrow of God and Smoke Signals have similar patterns of fiction, archetypes and philosophies. If you notice Campells typical hero sequence of actions can be detected in both Arrow of God and Smoke Signals. â€Å"There is a certain typical hero sequence of actions which can be detected in stories from all over the world from many periods of history. Essentially, it might even be said there is but one archetypal mythic hero whose life has been replicated in many lands by many people.†(Archetypes pg 6) This sequence is made apparent in Arrow of God. The birth of Ezeulu is unusual because he is born into priesthood. This priesthood later requires him to travel to Okperi. While in Okperi, Ezeulu confronts his ego simultaneously while conflicting with the imposing British Government. Ezeulu then returns to Umuaro having been reborn psychologically. Campells typical hero sequence holds truth in Smoke Signals as well. Victor’s unusual birth in Smoke Signals is symbolic; he is saved from a tragic house fire as a young baby. This house fire is the same event that drives his father away from the Coeur d Alene Indian Reservation. Inevitably this later requires Victor to leave home and confront his ego while retrieving his father’s remains. In both Arrow of God and Smoke Signals the events after the heroes’ birth are considerably unusual. This unusual birth is later the motive for the hero to leave home which ultimately results in the heroes confronting their egos. The heroes then returnShow MoreRelatedThe Mythology Of Norse Mythology1944 Words   |  8 PagesThe Vikings later also spread to England and Scandinavia, bringing Norse Mythology with them. There are many deities/figures in Norse mythology. Such as, giants, gods, supernaturals, and humans. One of the most important figures is Ymir. He was a brutal frost giant, created out of ice. He created every giant, who later created the gods. Two kings of the giants are Thrym and Skymir. Thrym is king of the frost giants. He is most famously known for using Mjolnir, Thor’s hammer as ransom for the goddessRead More Flight in Song of Solomon, Native Son, A Worn Path, Sad Sweet Story of Sugar Lips Shinehot, and Por5690 Words   |  23 Pagesit up without the man catching her, a bird flies by. Then she slowly straightened up, she stood erect, and the nickel was in her apron pocket. A bird flew by. Her lips moved. God watching me the whole time. I come stealing (1645). To Phoenix, the bird flying overhead is a spiritual representation; her connection with God. Another short story filled with references to African American flight for freedom is The Sad Sweet Story of Sugar Lips Shinehot and The Portable Promised Land. This is theRead More Murder in the Bible Essay5989 Words   |  24 Pagesirrationality by his direct killing of many people for reasons that defy any rational explanation such as killing children who make fun of bald people, and the killing of a man who tried to keep the ark of God from falling during transport. There are also countless examples of mass murders commanded by God, including the murder of women, infants, and children. The following passages are a very small percentage of the total passages approving of murder in the Bible. They are divided here into Read MoreA Case Study On ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME At Sacred Heart Unit(St. Paul Hospital)12559 Words   |  51 Pagesblood to go around a blocked coronary artery. Lifestyle and home remedies You can take steps to prevent acute coronary syndrome or improve your symptoms. Don t smoke.  If you smoke, stop to improve your heart s health. Talk to your doctor if you re having trouble with quitting. It s also important to stay away from secondhand smoke. Eat a heart-healthy diet.  Too much saturated fat and cholesterol in your diet can narrow arteries to your heart. Follow the advice of your doctor and dietitian onRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesin Book III, chapter 7, the chapter on Sabian prayers to the planets. The first part ends with illustrations of the figures, some of which still survive as signets of the planets (pp. 113-114). The second part describes the images of the planetary gods. The author gives three sources, though there are in fact more, as will be seen from the commentary to the present translation. The three sources specified are a lapidary by `Utà ¢rid, a book without a title by Apollonius and a work by a certain KritonRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages(Mucuna pruriens Linn.) boundary line; border neighbourhood; neighbour neighbour; next-door neighbour: á »Å'nwá » ¥Ã… «Ã¯â‚¬ §kà ¢ bà ¹Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ onye à  gbà  tà   obà ¬ m á »Å'nwá » ¥Ã¡ » ¥ka is my neighb our: Proverb: Àgbà  tà   obÄ « onyà ª bà ¹Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ nwa nnÄ“ ya A person’s neighbour is his brother (or sister) A. a god B. male name long, narrow calabash for carrying water or wine; calabash solid, thick palm oil black ant infesting houses, living in holes in mud floors 9 Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II agbÃ… Ã¯â‚¬ § n. à  gbà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ 1. à  gbà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ 2. à  gbà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageswhy you recommend it. Weigh the pros and cons, and describe your process of weighing the pros and cons. A West Virginia radio telescope recently detected an unusual signal beamed in our direction from somewhere across the Milky Way galaxy. After six months of study by the worlds best scientists, it is agreed that the signal comes from an intelligent source and contains the message which says, when translated into English, Can you hear us? Describe yourself and where you are located. TheRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesbelieve me. But I didn t want to mess with the preparations just because of that, so obviously I called Mino. We always plan the smart and dirty tricks together. I also called my buddies. I wanted different perspectives on the situation, and oh god, I got all kinds of advice. The Rosengà ¥rd guys wanted to come down and trash stuff, and of course that was nice of them to offer, but it didn t feel like the right strategy at that point. And of course I discussed everything with Helena. She sRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pagesresults from the ancient Taoist tradition of offering grain to the Jade Emperor atop Tai Shan peak during the Double Nines Festival held on the ninth day of the ninth month of the Chinese calendar. Taoists consider the Jade Emperor to be the Supreme God of Heaven and spread offerings of grain so that the birds will carry their prayers and praises to the deity. New seeds are therefore brought to the mountain regularly. These escaped plants are of shorter stature (1-2 meters) than cultivated varietiesRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesover the past decade my views have changed (all right, I’ve become older), and I have an inveterate tendency to meddle, as any number of my clients and colleagues will testify. The problem is, when you meddle, you get in deeper and deeper until God knows what you have, but it wasn’t what you started with. I have plenty enough opportunity to do that with future books, and I have enough respect for this one to try to stand off a bit. That being said, I did make a few significant exceptions. I

Biblical Response Free Essays

Debt, even if it is said to be a tool that can help one to prosper in life, I do not support that argument because debt can make one to live uncomfortable life full of stress. Debts enslave people, living their life to pay loans of money, which may otherwise have been spent extravagantly. Fro instance, borrowing money is easy such that people may be tempted to borrow without proper plan of use. We will write a custom essay sample on Biblical Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now This way, debts can make a person who was initially leading a prosperous life to loose his or her wealth. Influence of banks is one major factor that makes people to have debts since they have known on better ways of attracting customers to advance loans. Having debts beats the whole idea of living a disciplined life unless under unavoidable circumstances such as being unable to cater for your medical bills or education. When you tend to live with a lot of debts, it means you are trying to live a lifestyle that you can not afford. One should try to understand him or herself and put more efforts in order to improve ones life rather than being enslaved with debts. On the use of credit card, I do not agree whether one can manage credit card wisely and avoid having debts since credit cards are much tempting. It is true that people with credit cards tend to spent more than those who use their cash. This would obviously put an individual into unwarranted debts. Paying things with cash can enable one to even negotiate or bargain for reduction of the purchasing price where as is much impossible to bargain while using plastic money. In other words, it is easier to control money in from of cash than credit cards. Using credit card at the end makes one to spend more since one does not feel or realize the money being spent. Therefore, for one to avoid having debts there is need for one to use cash or debit cards whereby you have control of money spend. References Daveramsey. (2010). The Truth About Credit Card Debt. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. daveramsey. com/article/the-truth-about-credit-card-debt/ Daveramsey. (2010). The Truth About Debt. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www. daveramsey. How to cite Biblical Response, Papers

Magnanimity In The Iliad Essays - Trojans, Ancient Greek Religion

Magnanimity In The Iliad Magnanimity Strength, honor, and unconditional bravery are held dear to the Achaians and Trojans alike. Among those people, qualities that reveal leadership and might are highly regarded as indicative of a magnanimous human being. Yet, Agamemnon, Achilleus, and Hektor all perceive magnanimity in different ways, and each attempts to exude it as he understands it. Public recognition is a key element for one to be honored in Greek and Trojan societies, however, the three men differ in how dependent they are upon that recognition for complete satisfaction or happiness. Agamemnon is the definitive king who all too readily reminds his subalterns of their status. For Agamemnon, to be great-souled is to have utter control and command. His need for recognition from, and the fear of, other men is blatantly evident when he attempts to humble Achilleus, saying, ?I shall take the fair-cheeked Briseis, your prize, I myself going to your shelter, that you may learn well how much greater I am than you, and another man may shrink back from likening himself to me and contending against me.' (64) For him nobility and worthiness can be measured materially. To be a prodigious leader in the eyes of his people, the Achaians, Agamemnon must attain material affluence that includes women as war prizes. Material want that develops into material greed springs from dissatisfaction with what one already possesses. Agamemnon simply desires more so that he may be seen as more powerful. It is in human nature to want to succeed or to feel accomplished. However, for Agamemnon that wish is granted only when he is publicly recognized and rewarded. He feels his place in the world is that of a plenipotentiary king, simply overseeing only the execution of his orders. In that sense, Agamemnon's perception of magnanimity is distinctive because he feels he is owed respect simply by his being in the position of power. For instance, when speaking to his army, he says, ?There will be a man's sweat on the shield strap binding the breast to the shield hiding the man's shape, and the hand on the spear grow weary. There will be sweat on a man's horse straining at the smoothed chariot. But any man whom I find trying, apart from the battle, to hang back by the cured ships, for him no longer will there be any means to escape the dogs and the vultures.' (86) However, as Achilleus argues frequently, Agamemnon himself never joins in the actual battle, yet claims the rewards of victory for himself. In that way, the Achaian king seems almost a demagogue in choosing the extent of his responsibility to his people, instead of accepting all that being a leader encompasses. He will order the men into battle, yet will not lead them towards the enemy lest death await him on the battlefield. Achilleus of the swift feet, the doughty warrior of the Achaian army, has views of magnanimity conflicting with those of Agamemnon. Achilleus strives for honor based on personal satisfaction as the dominant factor in the degree of recognition or respect he is given. Self-respect permits one to be content on a deeper level than does the lack of self-respect allow for contentment on the part of those men who are merely adulated by others. He sees Agamemnon as a poltroon for lacking the passion to earn, at it were, the wealth he receives through the blood and sweat of his men. In fact, Achilleus goes so far as to call Agamemnon a king who feeds on his people. Criticizing his leader for his lacking presence on the battlefield, Achilleus exclaims, ?Never once have you taken courage in your heart to arm with your people for battle, or go into ambuscade with the best of the Achaians. No, for in such things you see death. Far better to your mind is it, all along the widespread host of the Achaians to take away the gift of any man who speaks up against you.' (65) For Achilleus, life's apogee will be his aristeia, or definitive moment in which all that is good and honorable in him will be utilized and then recognized. Only by enduring the trials and tribulations of a valiant warrior does Achilleus believe one can truly be magnanimous. Human will must be tested

Rudyard Kiplings Classic Speech on Values in Life

Rudyard Kiplings Classic Speech on Values in Life Both praised and criticized as a popular writer, Rudyard Kipling was a poet, novelist, short-story writer, and notorious imperialist. He is best known today for his novel Kim (1901) and his childrens stories, collected in The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book (1895), and the Just So Stories (1902). Values in Life appears in A Book of Words (1928), a volume of Kiplings collected speeches. The address was originally delivered in the fall of 1907 to the students at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. At the end of his talk Kipling says, I have no message to deliver. Consider whether you agree with that observation. Values in Life by Rudyard Kipling 1 According to the ancient and laudable custom of the schools, I, as one of your wandering scholars returned, have been instructed to speak to you. The only penalty youth must pay for its enviable privileges is that of listening to people known, alas, to be older and alleged to be wiser. On such occasions youth feigns an air of polite interest and reverence, while age tries to look virtuous. Which pretences sit uneasily on both of them. 2 On such occasions very little truth is spoken. I will try not to depart from the convention. I will not tell you how the sins of youth are due very largely to its virtues; how its arrogance is very often the result of its innate shyness; how its brutality is the outcome of its natural virginity of spirit. These things are true, but your preceptors might object to such texts without the proper notes and emendations. But I can try to speak to you more or less truthfully on certain matters to which you may give the attention and belief proper to your years. 3 When, to use a detestable phrase, you go out into the battle of life, you will be confronted by an organized conspiracy which will try to make you believe that the world is governed by the idea of wealth for wealths sake, and that all means which lead to the acquisition of that wealth are, if not laudable, at least expedient. Those of you who have fitly imbibed the spirit of our university- and it was not a materialistic university which trained a scholar to take both the Craven and the Ireland in England- will violently resent that thought, but you will live and eat and move and have your being in a world dominated by that thought. Some of you will probably succumb to the poison of it. 4 Now, I do not ask you not to be carried away by the first rush of the great game of life. That is expecting you to be more than human. But I do ask you, after the first heat of the game, that you draw breath and watch your fellows for a while. Sooner or later, you will see some man to whom the idea of wealth as mere wealth does not appeal, whom the methods of amassing that wealth do not interest, and who will not accept money if you offer it to him at a certain price. 5 At first you will be inclined to laugh at this man, and to think that he is not smart in his ideas. I suggest that you watch him closely, for he will presently demonstrate to you that money dominates everybody except the man who does not want money. You may meet that man on your farm, in your village, or in your legislature. But be sure that, whenever or wherever you meet him, as soon as it comes to a direct issue between you, his little finger will be thicker than your loins. You will go in fear of him; he will not go in fear of you. You will do what he wants; he will not do what you want. You will find that you have no weapon in your armory with which you can attack him, no argument with which you can appeal to him. Whatever you gain, he will gain more. 6 I would like you to study that man. I would like you better to be that man, because from the lower point of view it doesnt pay to be obsessed by the desire of wealth for wealths sake. If more wealth is necessary to you, for purposes not your own, use your left hand to acquire it, but keep your right for your proper work in life. If you employ both arms in that game, you will be in danger of stooping, in danger also of losing your soul. But in spite of everything you may succeed, you may be successful, you may acquire enormous wealth. In which case I warn you that you stand in grave danger of being spoken and written of and pointed out as a smart man. And that is one of the most terrible calamities that can overtake a sane, civilized white man in our Empire today. 7 They say youth is the season of hope, ambition, and uplift- that the last word youth needs is an exhortation to be cheerful. Some of you here know- and I remember- that youth can be a season of great depression, despondencies, doubts, and waverings, the worse because they seem to be peculiar to ourselves and incommunicable to our fellows. There is a certain darkness into which the soul of the young man sometimes descends- a horror of desolation, abandonment, and realized worthlessness, which is one of the most real of the hells in which we are compelled to walk. 8 I know of what I speak. This is due to a variety of causes, the chief of which is the egotism of the human animal itself. But I can tell you for your comfort that the chief cure for it is to interest yourself, to lose yourself in some issue not personal to yourself- in another mans trouble or, preferably, another mans joy. But, if the dark hour does not vanish, as sometimes it doesnt, if the black cloud will not lift, as sometimes it will not, let me tell you again for your comfort that there are many liars in the world, but there are no liars like our own sensations. The despair and the horror mean nothing, because there is for you nothing irremediable, nothing ineffaceable, nothing irrecoverable in anything you may have said or thought or done. If, for any reason, you cannot believe or have not been taught to believe in the infinite mercy of Heaven, which has made us all, and will take care we do not go far astray, at least believe that you are not yet sufficiently important to b e taken too seriously by the Powers above us or beneath us. In other words, take anything and everything seriously except yourselves. 9 I regret that I noticed certain signs of irreverent laughter when I alluded to the word smartness. I have no message to deliver, but, if I had a message to deliver to a University which I love, to the young men who have the future of their country to mould, I would say with all the force at my command, Do not be smart. If I were not a doctor of this University with a deep interest in its discipline, and if I did not hold the strongest views on that reprehensible form of amusement known as rushing, I would say that, whenever and wherever you find one of your dear little playmates showing signs of smartness in his work, his talk, or his play, take him tenderly by the hand- by both hands, by the back of the neck if necessary- and lovingly, playfully, but firmly, lead him to a knowledge of higher and more interesting things. Â   Classic Essays About Values Of Truth, by Francis BaconAn Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification, by Maria EdgeworthSelf-Reliance, by Ralph Waldo EmersonQuality, by John GalsworthyA Liberal Education, by Thomas Henry HuxleyWhat Life Means to Me, by Jack LondonThe Tyranny of Things, by Edward Sandford MartinOn Virtue and Happiness, by John Stuart MillWho Owns the Mountains? by Henry Van Dyke

Timeline of Caribbean Prehistory - Precolumbian

Timeline of Caribbean Prehistory - Precolumbian Earliest Migrations into the Caribbean: 4000-2000 BC The earliest evidence of people moving into the Caribbean islands dates to around 4000 BC. Archaeological evidence comes from sites in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Lesser Antilles. These are mainly stone tools similar to the ones from the Yucatan peninsula, suggesting these people migrated from Central America. Alternatively, some archaeologists also find similarities among this stone technology and the North American tradition, suggesting movement from Florida and the Bahamas. These first comers were hunter-gatherers who had to change their lifestyle moving from a mainland into a island environment. They collected shellfish and wild plants, and hunted animals. Many Caribbean species became extinct after this first arrival. Important sites of this period are the Levisa rockshelter, Funche Cave, Seboruco, Couri, Madrigales, Casimira, Mordn-Barrera, and Banwari Trace. Fisher/Collectors: Archaic period 2000-500 BC A new colonization wave occurred around 2000 BC. In this period people reached Puerto Rico and a major colonization of the Lesser Antilles occurred. These groups moved into the Lesser Antilles from South America, and they are the bearers of the so-called Ortoiroid culture, dating between 2000 and 500 BC. These were still hunter-gatherers who exploited both coastal and terrestrial resources. The encounter of these groups and the descendants of the original migrants produced and increase in cultural dvariability among the different islands. Important sites of this period are Banwari Trace, Ortoire, Jolly Beach, Krum Bay, Cayo Redondo, Guayabo Blanco. South American Horticulturalists: Saladoid Culture 500 – 1 B.C. Saladoid culture takes its name from the Saladero site, in Venezuela. People bearing this cultural tradition migrated from South America into the Caribbean around 500 BC. They had a different life style from the people already living in the Caribbean. They lived in one place year-round, instead of moving seasonally, and constructed large communal houses organized into villages. They consumed wild products but also cultivated crops like manioc, which was domesticated thousand of years before in South America. Most importantly, they produced a distinct type of pottery, finely decorated along with other craftworks, such as basketry and feather works. Their artistic production included carved human and animal bones and skulls, jewelry made out of shells, mother-of-pearl and imported turquoise. They moved quickly through the Antilles, reaching Puerto Rico and Haiti/Dominican Republic by 400 B.C. The Saladoid Florescence: 1 BC – AD 600 Large communities developed and many Saladoid sites were occupied for centuries, generation after generation. Their lifestyle and culture changed as they coped with changing climates and environments. The islands landscape changed too, due to the clearance of large areas for cultivation. Manioc was their main staple and the sea played a pivotal role, with canoes connecting the islands with South American mainland for communication and trade. Important Saladoid sites include: La Hueca, Hope Estate, Trants, Cedros, Palo Seco, Punta Candelero, Sorcà ©, Tecla, Golden Rock, Maisabel. The Rise of Social and Political Complexity: AD 600 – 1200 Between A.D. 600 and 1200, a series of social and political differentiations arose within Caribbean villages. This process would ultimately lead to the development of the Taà ­no chiefdoms encountered by the Europeans in the 26th century. Between A.D. 600 and 900, there was not yet a marked social differentiation within villages. But a large population growth along with new migrations in the Greater Antilles, especially Jamaica which was colonized for the first time, produced a series of important changes. In Haiti and the Dominican Republic, fully sedentary villages based on farming were widespread. These were characterized by features like ball courts, and large settlements arranged around open plazas. There was an intensification of agricultural production and artifacts such as three-pointers, typical of the later Taà ­no culture, appeared. Finally, the typical Saladoid pottery was replaced by a simpler style called Ostionoid. This culture represents a mix of Saladoid and earlier tradition already present in the islands. The Taà ­no Chiefdoms: AD 1200-1500 Taà ­no culture emerged out of the above described traditions. There was a refinement of political organization and leadership which ultimately became what we know as the historical Taà ­no chiefdoms encountered by the Europeans. Taà ­no tradition was characterized by larger and more numerous settlements, with houses organized around open plazas, which were the focus of social life. Ball games and ball courts were an important religious and social element. They grew cotton for clothing and were crafted woodworkers. An elaborate artistic tradition was essential part of their daily life. Important Tainos sites include: Maisabel, Tibes, Caguana, El Atadijizo, Chacuey, Pueblo Viejo, Laguna Limones. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Caribbean History, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Wilson, Samuel, 2007, The Archaeology of the Caribbean, Cambridge World Archaeology Series. Cambridge University Press, New York Wilson, Samuel, 1997, The Caribbean before European Conquest: A Chronology, in Taà ­no: Pre-Columbian Art and Culture from the Caribbean. El Museo del Barrio:  Monacelli Press, New York, edited by Fatima Bercht, Estrella Brodsky, John Alan Farmer and  Dicey Taylor. Pp. 15-17